Genome analyses of the sunflower pathogen Plasmopara halstedii provide insights into effector evolution in downy mildews and Phytophthora.
Identifieur interne : 000E53 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000E52; suivant : 000E54Genome analyses of the sunflower pathogen Plasmopara halstedii provide insights into effector evolution in downy mildews and Phytophthora.
Auteurs : Rahul Sharma [Allemagne] ; Xiaojuan Xia [Allemagne] ; Liliana M. Cano [Royaume-Uni, États-Unis] ; Edouard Evangelisti [Royaume-Uni] ; Eric Kemen [Allemagne] ; Howard Judelson [États-Unis] ; Stan Oome [Pays-Bas] ; Christine Sambles [Royaume-Uni] ; D Johan Van Den Hoogen [Pays-Bas] ; Miloslav Kitner [République tchèque] ; Joël Klein [Pays-Bas] ; Harold J G. Meijer [Pays-Bas] ; Otmar Spring [Allemagne] ; Joe Win [Royaume-Uni] ; Reinhard Zipper [Allemagne] ; Helge B. Bode [Allemagne] ; Francine Govers [Pays-Bas] ; Sophien Kamoun [Royaume-Uni] ; Sebastian Schornack [Royaume-Uni] ; David J. Studholme [Royaume-Uni] ; Guido Van Den Ackerveken [Pays-Bas] ; Marco Thines [Allemagne]Source :
- BMC genomics [ 1471-2164 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes (MeSH), Facteurs de virulence (génétique), Génome fongique (MeSH), Génomique (méthodes), Helianthus (microbiologie), Hétérozygote (MeSH), Métabolisme secondaire (MeSH), Oomycetes (classification), Oomycetes (génétique), Oomycetes (métabolisme), Phospholipides (métabolisme), Phylogenèse (MeSH), Phytophthora (génétique), Protéines fongiques (MeSH), Régions promotrices (génétique) (MeSH), Répétitions microsatellites (MeSH), Séquences répétées d'acides nucléiques (MeSH), Transduction du signal (MeSH), Évolution biologique (MeSH).
- MESH :
- génétique : Facteurs de virulence, Oomycetes, Phytophthora.
- microbiologie : Helianthus.
- métabolisme : Oomycetes, Phospholipides.
- méthodes : Génomique.
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes, Génome fongique, Hétérozygote, Métabolisme secondaire, Phylogenèse, Protéines fongiques, Régions promotrices (génétique), Répétitions microsatellites, Séquences répétées d'acides nucléiques, Transduction du signal, Évolution biologique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Biological Evolution (MeSH), Fungal Proteins (MeSH), Gene Expression Profiling (MeSH), Genome, Fungal (MeSH), Genomics (methods), Helianthus (microbiology), Heterozygote (MeSH), Microsatellite Repeats (MeSH), Oomycetes (classification), Oomycetes (genetics), Oomycetes (metabolism), Phospholipids (metabolism), Phylogeny (MeSH), Phytophthora (genetics), Promoter Regions, Genetic (MeSH), Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid (MeSH), Secondary Metabolism (MeSH), Signal Transduction (MeSH), Virulence Factors (genetics).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Virulence Factors.
- chemical , metabolism : Phospholipids.
- chemical : Fungal Proteins.
- classification : Oomycetes.
- genetics : Oomycetes, Phytophthora.
- metabolism : Oomycetes.
- methods : Genomics.
- microbiology : Helianthus.
- Biological Evolution, Gene Expression Profiling, Genome, Fungal, Heterozygote, Microsatellite Repeats, Phylogeny, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Secondary Metabolism, Signal Transduction.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Downy mildews are the most speciose group of oomycetes and affect crops of great economic importance. So far, there is only a single deeply-sequenced downy mildew genome available, from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Further genomic resources for downy mildews are required to study their evolution, including pathogenicity effector proteins, such as RxLR effectors. Plasmopara halstedii is a devastating pathogen of sunflower and a potential pathosystem model to study downy mildews, as several Avr-genes and R-genes have been predicted and unlike Arabidopsis downy mildew, large quantities of almost contamination-free material can be obtained easily.
RESULTS
Here a high-quality draft genome of Plasmopara halstedii is reported and analysed with respect to various aspects, including genome organisation, secondary metabolism, effector proteins and comparative genomics with other sequenced oomycetes. Interestingly, the present analyses revealed further variation of the RxLR motif, suggesting an important role of the conservation of the dEER-motif. Orthology analyses revealed the conservation of 28 RxLR-like core effectors among Phytophthora species. Only six putative RxLR-like effectors were shared by the two sequenced downy mildews, highlighting the fast and largely independent evolution of two of the three major downy mildew lineages. This is seemingly supported by phylogenomic results, in which downy mildews did not appear to be monophyletic.
CONCLUSIONS
The genome resource will be useful for developing markers for monitoring the pathogen population and might provide the basis for new approaches to fight Phytophthora and downy mildew pathogens by targeting core pathogenicity effectors.
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1904-7
PubMed: 26438312
PubMed Central: PMC4594904
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, République tchèque, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Angleterre de l'Est, Bade-Wurtemberg, District de Cologne, District de Darmstadt, District de Stuttgart, Gueldre (province), Hesse (Land), Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Utrecht (province)
- Cambridge, Cologne, Francfort-sur-le-Main, Stuttgart, Utrecht, Wageningue
- Université Johann Wolfgang Goethe de Francfort-sur-le-Main, Université d'Utrecht, Université de Cambridge, Université de Hohenheim, Université de Wageningue
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Liliana M" sort="Cano, Liliana M" uniqKey="Cano L" first="Liliana M" last="Cano">Liliana M. Cano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. lcanomo@ncsu.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. lcanomo@ncsu.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 27695</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>27695</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evangelisti, Edouard" sort="Evangelisti, Edouard" uniqKey="Evangelisti E" first="Edouard" last="Evangelisti">Edouard Evangelisti</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK. edouard.evangelisti@slcu.cam.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemen, Eric" sort="Kemen, Eric" uniqKey="Kemen E" first="Eric" last="Kemen">Eric Kemen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne´ Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany. kemen@mpipz.mpg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne´ Weg 10, Cologne, 50829</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Cologne</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Judelson, Howard" sort="Judelson, Howard" uniqKey="Judelson H" first="Howard" last="Judelson">Howard Judelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. howard.judelson@ucr.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92521</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oome, Stan" sort="Oome, Stan" uniqKey="Oome S" first="Stan" last="Oome">Stan Oome</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. stan_oome@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sambles, Christine" sort="Sambles, Christine" uniqKey="Sambles C" first="Christine" last="Sambles">Christine Sambles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. C.M.Sambles@exeter.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>EX4 4QD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Hoogen, D Johan" sort="Van Den Hoogen, D Johan" uniqKey="Van Den Hoogen D" first="D Johan" last="Van Den Hoogen">D Johan Van Den Hoogen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. johan.vandenhoogen@wur.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement><region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kitner, Miloslav" sort="Kitner, Miloslav" uniqKey="Kitner M" first="Miloslav" last="Kitner">Miloslav Kitner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic. miloslav.kitner@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Olomouc</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Joel" sort="Klein, Joel" uniqKey="Klein J" first="Joël" last="Klein">Joël Klein</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. J.Klein@uu.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meijer, Harold J G" sort="Meijer, Harold J G" uniqKey="Meijer H" first="Harold J G" last="Meijer">Harold J G. Meijer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. harold.meijer@wur.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement><region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spring, Otmar" sort="Spring, Otmar" uniqKey="Spring O" first="Otmar" last="Spring">Otmar Spring</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany. spring@uni-hohenheim.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Stuttgart</region><settlement type="city">Stuttgart</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Hohenheim</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Win, Joe" sort="Win, Joe" uniqKey="Win J" first="Joe" last="Win">Joe Win</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. Joe.Win@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zipper, Reinhard" sort="Zipper, Reinhard" uniqKey="Zipper R" first="Reinhard" last="Zipper">Reinhard Zipper</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany. zipper@uni-hohenheim.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Stuttgart</region><settlement type="city">Stuttgart</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Hohenheim</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bode, Helge B" sort="Bode, Helge B" uniqKey="Bode H" first="Helge B" last="Bode">Helge B. Bode</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. h.bode@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Johann Wolfgang Goethe de Francfort-sur-le-Main</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Govers, Francine" sort="Govers, Francine" uniqKey="Govers F" first="Francine" last="Govers">Francine Govers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. francine.govers@wur.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement><region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamoun, Sophien" sort="Kamoun, Sophien" uniqKey="Kamoun S" first="Sophien" last="Kamoun">Sophien Kamoun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. sophien.kamoun@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schornack, Sebastian" sort="Schornack, Sebastian" uniqKey="Schornack S" first="Sebastian" last="Schornack">Sebastian Schornack</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK. Sebastian.Schornack@slcu.cam.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Studholme, David J" sort="Studholme, David J" uniqKey="Studholme D" first="David J" last="Studholme">David J. Studholme</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. D.J.Studholme@exeter.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>EX4 4QD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Ackerveken, Guido" sort="Van Den Ackerveken, Guido" uniqKey="Van Den Ackerveken G" first="Guido" last="Van Den Ackerveken">Guido Van Den Ackerveken</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.vandenackerveken@uu.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thines, Marco" sort="Thines, Marco" uniqKey="Thines M" first="Marco" last="Thines">Marco Thines</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26438312</idno><idno type="pmid">26438312</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12864-015-1904-7</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC4594904</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000D54</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000D54</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000D54</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000D54</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000D54</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Genome analyses of the sunflower pathogen Plasmopara halstedii provide insights into effector evolution in downy mildews and Phytophthora.</title><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Rahul" sort="Sharma, Rahul" uniqKey="Sharma R" first="Rahul" last="Sharma">Rahul Sharma</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Xiaojuan" sort="Xia, Xiaojuan" uniqKey="Xia X" first="Xiaojuan" last="Xia">Xiaojuan Xia</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Liliana M" sort="Cano, Liliana M" uniqKey="Cano L" first="Liliana M" last="Cano">Liliana M. Cano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. lcanomo@ncsu.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. lcanomo@ncsu.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 27695</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>27695</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evangelisti, Edouard" sort="Evangelisti, Edouard" uniqKey="Evangelisti E" first="Edouard" last="Evangelisti">Edouard Evangelisti</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK. edouard.evangelisti@slcu.cam.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemen, Eric" sort="Kemen, Eric" uniqKey="Kemen E" first="Eric" last="Kemen">Eric Kemen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne´ Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany. kemen@mpipz.mpg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne´ Weg 10, Cologne, 50829</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Cologne</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Judelson, Howard" sort="Judelson, Howard" uniqKey="Judelson H" first="Howard" last="Judelson">Howard Judelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. howard.judelson@ucr.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92521</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oome, Stan" sort="Oome, Stan" uniqKey="Oome S" first="Stan" last="Oome">Stan Oome</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. stan_oome@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sambles, Christine" sort="Sambles, Christine" uniqKey="Sambles C" first="Christine" last="Sambles">Christine Sambles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. C.M.Sambles@exeter.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>EX4 4QD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Hoogen, D Johan" sort="Van Den Hoogen, D Johan" uniqKey="Van Den Hoogen D" first="D Johan" last="Van Den Hoogen">D Johan Van Den Hoogen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. johan.vandenhoogen@wur.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement><region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kitner, Miloslav" sort="Kitner, Miloslav" uniqKey="Kitner M" first="Miloslav" last="Kitner">Miloslav Kitner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic. miloslav.kitner@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Olomouc</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Joel" sort="Klein, Joel" uniqKey="Klein J" first="Joël" last="Klein">Joël Klein</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. J.Klein@uu.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meijer, Harold J G" sort="Meijer, Harold J G" uniqKey="Meijer H" first="Harold J G" last="Meijer">Harold J G. Meijer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. harold.meijer@wur.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement><region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spring, Otmar" sort="Spring, Otmar" uniqKey="Spring O" first="Otmar" last="Spring">Otmar Spring</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany. spring@uni-hohenheim.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Stuttgart</region><settlement type="city">Stuttgart</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Hohenheim</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Win, Joe" sort="Win, Joe" uniqKey="Win J" first="Joe" last="Win">Joe Win</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. Joe.Win@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zipper, Reinhard" sort="Zipper, Reinhard" uniqKey="Zipper R" first="Reinhard" last="Zipper">Reinhard Zipper</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany. zipper@uni-hohenheim.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Stuttgart</region><settlement type="city">Stuttgart</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Hohenheim</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bode, Helge B" sort="Bode, Helge B" uniqKey="Bode H" first="Helge B" last="Bode">Helge B. Bode</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. h.bode@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Johann Wolfgang Goethe de Francfort-sur-le-Main</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Govers, Francine" sort="Govers, Francine" uniqKey="Govers F" first="Francine" last="Govers">Francine Govers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. francine.govers@wur.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Wageningue</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Wageningue</settlement><region nuts="2">Gueldre (province)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamoun, Sophien" sort="Kamoun, Sophien" uniqKey="Kamoun S" first="Sophien" last="Kamoun">Sophien Kamoun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. sophien.kamoun@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NR4 7UH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schornack, Sebastian" sort="Schornack, Sebastian" uniqKey="Schornack S" first="Sebastian" last="Schornack">Sebastian Schornack</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK. Sebastian.Schornack@slcu.cam.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Studholme, David J" sort="Studholme, David J" uniqKey="Studholme D" first="David J" last="Studholme">David J. Studholme</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. D.J.Studholme@exeter.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>EX4 4QD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Ackerveken, Guido" sort="Van Den Ackerveken, Guido" uniqKey="Van Den Ackerveken G" first="Guido" last="Van Den Ackerveken">Guido Van Den Ackerveken</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.vandenackerveken@uu.nl.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thines, Marco" sort="Thines, Marco" uniqKey="Thines M" first="Marco" last="Thines">Marco Thines</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main)</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC genomics</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2164</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Biological Evolution (MeSH)</term><term>Fungal Proteins (MeSH)</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling (MeSH)</term><term>Genome, Fungal (MeSH)</term><term>Genomics (methods)</term><term>Helianthus (microbiology)</term><term>Heterozygote (MeSH)</term><term>Microsatellite Repeats (MeSH)</term><term>Oomycetes (classification)</term><term>Oomycetes (genetics)</term><term>Oomycetes (metabolism)</term><term>Phospholipids (metabolism)</term><term>Phylogeny (MeSH)</term><term>Phytophthora (genetics)</term><term>Promoter Regions, Genetic (MeSH)</term><term>Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid (MeSH)</term><term>Secondary Metabolism (MeSH)</term><term>Signal Transduction (MeSH)</term><term>Virulence Factors (genetics)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes (MeSH)</term><term>Facteurs de virulence (génétique)</term><term>Génome fongique (MeSH)</term><term>Génomique (méthodes)</term><term>Helianthus (microbiologie)</term><term>Hétérozygote (MeSH)</term><term>Métabolisme secondaire (MeSH)</term><term>Oomycetes (classification)</term><term>Oomycetes (génétique)</term><term>Oomycetes (métabolisme)</term><term>Phospholipides (métabolisme)</term><term>Phylogenèse (MeSH)</term><term>Phytophthora (génétique)</term><term>Protéines fongiques (MeSH)</term><term>Régions promotrices (génétique) (MeSH)</term><term>Répétitions microsatellites (MeSH)</term><term>Séquences répétées d'acides nucléiques (MeSH)</term><term>Transduction du signal (MeSH)</term><term>Évolution biologique (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Virulence Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Phospholipids</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Fungal Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Oomycetes</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Oomycetes</term><term>Phytophthora</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs de virulence</term><term>Oomycetes</term><term>Phytophthora</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Oomycetes</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Genomics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Helianthus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Helianthus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Oomycetes</term><term>Phospholipides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="méthodes" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génomique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Genome, Fungal</term><term>Heterozygote</term><term>Microsatellite Repeats</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Promoter Regions, Genetic</term><term>Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid</term><term>Secondary Metabolism</term><term>Signal Transduction</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Génome fongique</term><term>Hétérozygote</term><term>Métabolisme secondaire</term><term>Phylogenèse</term><term>Protéines fongiques</term><term>Régions promotrices (génétique)</term><term>Répétitions microsatellites</term><term>Séquences répétées d'acides nucléiques</term><term>Transduction du signal</term><term>Évolution biologique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Downy mildews are the most speciose group of oomycetes and affect crops of great economic importance. So far, there is only a single deeply-sequenced downy mildew genome available, from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Further genomic resources for downy mildews are required to study their evolution, including pathogenicity effector proteins, such as RxLR effectors. Plasmopara halstedii is a devastating pathogen of sunflower and a potential pathosystem model to study downy mildews, as several Avr-genes and R-genes have been predicted and unlike Arabidopsis downy mildew, large quantities of almost contamination-free material can be obtained easily.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Here a high-quality draft genome of Plasmopara halstedii is reported and analysed with respect to various aspects, including genome organisation, secondary metabolism, effector proteins and comparative genomics with other sequenced oomycetes. Interestingly, the present analyses revealed further variation of the RxLR motif, suggesting an important role of the conservation of the dEER-motif. Orthology analyses revealed the conservation of 28 RxLR-like core effectors among Phytophthora species. Only six putative RxLR-like effectors were shared by the two sequenced downy mildews, highlighting the fast and largely independent evolution of two of the three major downy mildew lineages. This is seemingly supported by phylogenomic results, in which downy mildews did not appear to be monophyletic.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>The genome resource will be useful for developing markers for monitoring the pathogen population and might provide the basis for new approaches to fight Phytophthora and downy mildew pathogens by targeting core pathogenicity effectors.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26438312</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1471-2164</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>16</Volume><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Oct</Month><Day>05</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMC genomics</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMC Genomics</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Genome analyses of the sunflower pathogen Plasmopara halstedii provide insights into effector evolution in downy mildews and Phytophthora.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>741</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12864-015-1904-7</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Downy mildews are the most speciose group of oomycetes and affect crops of great economic importance. So far, there is only a single deeply-sequenced downy mildew genome available, from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Further genomic resources for downy mildews are required to study their evolution, including pathogenicity effector proteins, such as RxLR effectors. Plasmopara halstedii is a devastating pathogen of sunflower and a potential pathosystem model to study downy mildews, as several Avr-genes and R-genes have been predicted and unlike Arabidopsis downy mildew, large quantities of almost contamination-free material can be obtained easily.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Here a high-quality draft genome of Plasmopara halstedii is reported and analysed with respect to various aspects, including genome organisation, secondary metabolism, effector proteins and comparative genomics with other sequenced oomycetes. Interestingly, the present analyses revealed further variation of the RxLR motif, suggesting an important role of the conservation of the dEER-motif. Orthology analyses revealed the conservation of 28 RxLR-like core effectors among Phytophthora species. Only six putative RxLR-like effectors were shared by the two sequenced downy mildews, highlighting the fast and largely independent evolution of two of the three major downy mildew lineages. This is seemingly supported by phylogenomic results, in which downy mildews did not appear to be monophyletic.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The genome resource will be useful for developing markers for monitoring the pathogen population and might provide the basis for new approaches to fight Phytophthora and downy mildew pathogens by targeting core pathogenicity effectors.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sharma</LastName><ForeName>Rahul</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. rahul.sharma@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xia</LastName><ForeName>Xiaojuan</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. Xiaojuan.Xia@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cano</LastName><ForeName>Liliana M</ForeName><Initials>LM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. lcanomo@ncsu.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. lcanomo@ncsu.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Evangelisti</LastName><ForeName>Edouard</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK. edouard.evangelisti@slcu.cam.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kemen</LastName><ForeName>Eric</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne´ Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany. kemen@mpipz.mpg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Judelson</LastName><ForeName>Howard</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. howard.judelson@ucr.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Oome</LastName><ForeName>Stan</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. stan_oome@yahoo.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sambles</LastName><ForeName>Christine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. C.M.Sambles@exeter.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van den Hoogen</LastName><ForeName>D Johan</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. johan.vandenhoogen@wur.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kitner</LastName><ForeName>Miloslav</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic. miloslav.kitner@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Klein</LastName><ForeName>Joël</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. J.Klein@uu.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meijer</LastName><ForeName>Harold J G</ForeName><Initials>HJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. harold.meijer@wur.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Spring</LastName><ForeName>Otmar</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany. spring@uni-hohenheim.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Win</LastName><ForeName>Joe</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. Joe.Win@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zipper</LastName><ForeName>Reinhard</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany. zipper@uni-hohenheim.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bode</LastName><ForeName>Helge B</ForeName><Initials>HB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. h.bode@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Govers</LastName><ForeName>Francine</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. francine.govers@wur.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kamoun</LastName><ForeName>Sophien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. sophien.kamoun@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schornack</LastName><ForeName>Sebastian</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK. Sebastian.Schornack@slcu.cam.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Studholme</LastName><ForeName>David J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK. D.J.Studholme@exeter.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Van den Ackerveken</LastName><ForeName>Guido</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.vandenackerveken@uu.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thines</LastName><ForeName>Marco</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. marco.thines@senckenberg.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>05</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMC Genomics</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100965258</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1471-2164</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005656">Fungal Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010743">Phospholipids</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D037521">Virulence Factors</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005075" MajorTopicYN="N">Biological Evolution</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005656" MajorTopicYN="N">Fungal Proteins</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020869" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Profiling</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016681" MajorTopicYN="Y">Genome, Fungal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D023281" MajorTopicYN="N">Genomics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006368" MajorTopicYN="N">Helianthus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006579" MajorTopicYN="N">Heterozygote</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018895" MajorTopicYN="N">Microsatellite Repeats</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009868" MajorTopicYN="N">Oomycetes</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="N">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010743" MajorTopicYN="N">Phospholipids</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010802" MajorTopicYN="N">Phylogeny</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010838" MajorTopicYN="N">Phytophthora</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011401" MajorTopicYN="N">Promoter Regions, Genetic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012091" MajorTopicYN="N">Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D064210" MajorTopicYN="N">Secondary Metabolism</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015398" MajorTopicYN="N">Signal Transduction</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D037521" MajorTopicYN="N">Virulence Factors</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" 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Meijer</name><name sortKey="Van Den Ackerveken, Guido" sort="Van Den Ackerveken, Guido" uniqKey="Van Den Ackerveken G" first="Guido" last="Van Den Ackerveken">Guido Van Den Ackerveken</name><name sortKey="Van Den Hoogen, D Johan" sort="Van Den Hoogen, D Johan" uniqKey="Van Den Hoogen D" first="D Johan" last="Van Den Hoogen">D Johan Van Den Hoogen</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kitner, Miloslav" sort="Kitner, Miloslav" uniqKey="Kitner M" first="Miloslav" last="Kitner">Miloslav Kitner</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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